Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Advancing entrepreneurial career success: the role of passion, persistence, and risk-taking propensity

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090209

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the article is to investigate the influence of passion on entrepreneurial career success while the mediating effects of persistence and risk-taking propensity between passion and success are explored.

Research Design & Methods: Questionnaires were administered to collect data about passion, persistence, entrepreneurial career success, and risk-taking. PLS-SEM was applied for testing the hypotheses with the use of 256 usable responses.

Findings: Statistically significant and positive relationships were found in the direct relationships: passion-persistence, passion-risk-taking, passion-success, persistence-success, and risk-taking-success, while persistence and risk-taking were found to mediate the passion-success association.

Implications & Recommendations: The importance of passion as an influence is verified and can be utilised for nurturing efforts that drive positive persistence and risk-taking propensity for entrepreneurial career success.

Contribution & Value Added: The shortage of studies that explored the relationships between passion, persistence, and risk-taking for the career success of entrepreneurs motivated the present research. Exploring the intervening effect of risk-taking propensity and persistence between passion and success is unprecedented.

Keywords

risk-taking propensity, persistence, harmonious passion, obsessive passion, entrepreneurial career success

(PDF) Save

Author Biography

Hussein-Elhakim Al Issa

Assistant Professor of Management at A’Sharqiyah University (Oman). He received his PhD in Management from Universiti Utara (Malaysia). His research interests centre on the application of strategy and business concepts to social change. His work has been published and presented at national and international conferences and research colloquia, and he currently has several manuscripts under review at leading research journals.

Correspondence to: Dr Hussein-Elhakim Al Issa, Department of Management, College of Business Administration, A’Sharqiyah University, P.O.Box 42, Ibra, Postal Code 400, Sultanate of Oman, e-mail: hussein.alissa@asu.edu.om

ORCID  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-9745


References

  1. Adomako, S., Howard Quartey, S., & Narteh, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation, passion for work, perceived environmental dynamism and firm performance in an emerging economy. Journal of Small Business and En-terprise Development, 23(3), 728-752. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-08-2015-0115
  2. Al Issa, H. (2020). When grit leads to success: the role of individual entrepreneurial orientation. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 643-653. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.12346
  3. Al Issa, H., Abdelsalam, M.K., & Omar, M.M.S. (2019). The effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on persistence: Do financial literacy and entrepreneurial passion matter?. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 20(2), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2019.20.2.05
  4. Anderson, B.S., Kreiser, P.M., Kuratko, D.F., Hornsby, J.S., & Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1579-1596. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2298
  5. Avvisati, F., Echazarra, P., Givord, P., & Schwabe, M. (2020). The programme for international student assessment. Retrieved from <https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_MYS.pdf> on August 20, 2020.
  6. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986, 23-28.
  7. Baum, J.R., & Locke, E.A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587
  8. Baum, J.R., Locke, E.A., & Smith, K.G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Manage-ment Journal, 44(2), 292-303. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069456
  9. Bazerman, M.H., & Moore, D.A. (1994). Judgment in managerial decision making. New York: Wiley.
  10. Boone, S., Andries, P., & Clarysse, B. (2020). Does team entrepreneurial passion matter for relationship conflict and team performance? On the importance of fit between passion focus and venture development stage. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(5), 105984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105984
  11. Brown, S.D., Lent, R.W., Telander, K., & Tramayne, S. (2011). Social cognitive career theory, conscientiousness, and work performance: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.11.009
  12. Brüderl, J., Preisendörfer, P., & Ziegler, R. (1992). Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American Sociological Review, 227-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096207
  13. Bruin, J. (2006). Newtest: command to compute new test. UCLA: Academic Technology Services, Statistical Con-sulting Group.
  14. Burke, P.J., & Reitzes, D.C. (1981). The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033704
  15. Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A.S. (2014). Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 787-814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9514-8
  16. Caliendo, M., Goethner, M., & Weißenberger, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Meas-urement and determinants. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(3), 617-647. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1666532
  17. Campos, H.M. (2017). Impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial orientation with the mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness for technology-based firms in Mexico. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2016-0166
  18. Cardon, M.S., Gregoire, D.A., Stevens, C.E., & Patel, P.C. (2013). Measuring entrepreneurial passion:
  19. Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(3), 373-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.003
  20. Cardon, M.S., & Kirk, C.P. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self-efficacy to persistence rela-tionship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12089
  21. Cardon, M.S., Post, C., & Forster, W.R. (2017). Team entrepreneurial passion: Its emergence and influence in new venture teams. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 283-305. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0356
  22. Chandler, G.N., & Jansen, E. (1992). The founder's self-assessed competence and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90028-P
  23. Chang, S., Lin, R., Chang, F., & Chen, R. (2007). Achieving manufacturing flexibility through entrepreneurial orien-tation. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(7), 997-1017. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710816711
  24. Chen, X.P., Liu, D., & He, W. (2015). Does passion fuel entrepreneurship and job creativity? A review and pre-view of passion research. The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199927678.013.0004
  25. Chu, H.M., Kara, O., Zhu, X., & Gok, K. (2011). Chinese entrepreneurs: Motivations, success factors, problems, and business‐related stress. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 84-111. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561391111144546
  26. Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-012
  27. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  28. Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Stra-tegic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107
  29. Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P.A.M. Van Lange, A.W. Kruglanski, & E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology (pp. 416-436). Sage Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21
  30. Duening, T., Metzger, M., & Stock, G.N. (2019). Entrepreneurial persistence: Entrepreneurial virtues as dynamic constraints over the entire lifepath. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 47(3), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2019.2928788
  31. Efobi, U., & Orkoh, E. (2018). Analysis of the impacts of entrepreneurship training on growth performance of firms. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-02-2018-0024
  32. Fairoz, F.M., Hirobumi, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of small and medium scale enterprises of Hambantota District Sri Lanka. Asian Social Science, 6(3), 34. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fauzul-Fairoz/publication/41846989_Entrepreneurial_Orientation_and_Business_Performance_of_Small_and_Medi-um_Scale_Enterprises_of_Hambantota_District_Sri_Lanka/links/0046351aed2962220b000000/Entrepreneurial-Orientation-and-Business-Performance-of-Small-and-Medium-Scale-Enterprises-of-Hambantota-District-Sri-Lanka.pdf on March 03, 2020.
  33. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and meas-urement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  34. Fritsch, M., & Mueller, P. (2007). The persistence of regional new business formation-activity over time-assessing the potential of policy promotion programs. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(3), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-007-0056-6
  35. Games, D., & Rendi, R.P. (2019). The effects of knowledge management and risk taking on SME financial perfor-mance in creative industries in an emerging market: the mediating effect of innovation outcomes. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0167-1
  36. Gartner, W.B., Gatewood, E., & Shaver, K.G. (1991). Reasons for starting a business: Not-so-simple answers to simple questions. In G.E. Hills & R.W. LaForge (Eds.), Research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface (pp. 90-101). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
  37. GEM, (2010). GEM 2010 Global report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/economy-profiles/malaysia-86 on November 5, 2020.
  38. GEM, (2018). GEM 2018 Global report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2017-2018-global-report on February 25, 2020.
  39. GEM, (2020). GEM 2020 Global report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/latest-global-reports on August 8, 2020.
  40. Goffman, E. (2002). The presentation of self in everyday life. 1959. Garden City, NY, 259.
  41. Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W.M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. https://doi.org/10.5465/256352
  42. Hair, J.F., Jr, Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
  43. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  44. Hmieleski, K.M., Corbett, A.C., & Baron, R.A. (2013). Entrepreneurs’ improvisational behavior and firm perfor-mance: A study of dispositional and environmental moderators. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(2), 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1143
  45. Ho, V.T., & Pollack, J.M. (2014). Passion isn't always a good thing: Examining entrepreneurs' network centrality and financial performance with a dualistic model of passion. Journal of Management Studies, 51(3), 433-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12062
  46. Iyortsuun, A.S., Nmadu, M.T., Dakung, R., & Gajere, M.C. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion and venture
  47. performance: a proposed framework. Management Research Review, 42(10), 1133-1147. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2018-0382
  48. Karaman, M.A., Vela, J.C., Aguilar, A.A., Saldana, K., & Montenegro, M.C. (2019). Psychometric properties of US-Spanish versions of the grit and resilience scales with a Latinx population. International Journal for the Ad-vancement of Counselling, 41(1), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9350-2
  49. Kautonen, T., & Palmroos, J. (2010). The impact of a necessity-based start-up on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0104-1
  50. Kenny, D.A. (2016). Moderation. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/moderation.htm#GG on April 2, 2020.
  51. Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
  52. Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Meves, Y., & Kensbock, J.M. (2017). When members of entrepreneurial teams dif-fer: linking diversity in individual-level entrepreneurial orientation to team performance. Small Business Economics, 48(4), 843-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9818-6
  53. Kuratko, D.F. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century: Guest editor's perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130040201
  54. Lau, V.P., Shaffer, M.A., & Au, K. (2007). Entrepreneurial career success from a Chinese perspective: conceptu-alization, operationalization, and validation. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(1), 126-146. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400252
  55. Lavrakas, P.J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks.
  56. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and
  57. academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
  58. Liang, X., Jiang, J., & Li, E.Y. (2018). IT-based entrepreneurship in sharing economy: the mediating role of value expectancy in micro-entrepreneur's passion and persistence. International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management, 10(4), 352-373. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISCM.2018.098400
  59. Lumpkin, G.T., & Dess, G.G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to perfor-mance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
  60. Ma, C., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Entrepreneurs’ passion and new venture performance in China. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1043-1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0435-x
  61. MacKenzie, S.B., & Podsakoff, P.M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and proce-dural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.001
  62. Marsh, H.W., Vallerand, R.J., Lafrenière, M.A.K., Parker, P., Morin, A.J., Carbonneau, N., ... & Salah Abduljabbar, A. (2013). Passion: Does one scale fit all? Construct validity of two-factor passion scale and psychometric invar-iance over different activities and languages. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 796. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032573
  63. McCrum-Gardner, E. (2010). Sample size and power calculations made simple. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2010.17.1.45988
  64. McDonald, K.S., & Hite, L.M. (2008). The next generation of career success: Implications for HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(1), 86-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422307310116
  65. Milanesi, M. (2018). Exploring passion in hobby-related entrepreneurship. Evidence from Italian cases. Journal of Business Research, 92, 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.04.020
  66. Montiel-Campos, H. (2018). The entrepreneurial passion-entrepreneurial alertness relationship: The moderating role of a creative personality. Serbian Journal of Management, 13(2), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm13-16021
  67. Mooradian, T., Matzler, K., Uzelac, B., & Bauer, F. (2016). Perspiration and inspiration: Grit and innovativeness as antecedents of entrepreneurial success. Journal of Economic Psychology, 56, 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.08.001
  68. Morgan, R.E., & Strong, C.A. (2003). Business performance and dimensions of strategic orientation. Journal of Business Research, 56(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00218-1
  69. Mueller, B.A., Wolfe, M.T., & Syed, I. (2017). Passion and grit: An exploration of the pathways leading to venture success. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 260-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.02.001
  70. Murnieks, C.Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M.S. (2014). Pathways of passion: Identity centrality, passion, and be-havior among entrepreneurs. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1583-1606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311433855
  71. Murnieks, C.Y., Cardon, M.S., & Haynie, J.M. (2020). Fueling the fire: Examining identity centrality, affective in-terpersonal commitment and gender as drivers of entrepreneurial passion. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(1), 105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.10.007
  72. Musa, D., Ghani, A.A., & Ahmad, S. (2014). Linking entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: The examination toward performance of cooperatives firms in Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Interna-tional Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 4(2), 247-264. Retrieved from http://dspace.unimap.edu.my:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/40042 on March 3, 2020.
  73. Palalic, R., & Busatlic, S. (2015). Exploratory research on relationship between entrepreneurial orientation di-mensions and business performance and growth of fast and slow growing small and medium enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(2), 15. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramo-Palalic/publication/273160799_Exploratory_Research_on_Relationship_between_Entrepreneurial_Orientation_Dimensions_and_Business_Performance_and_Growth_of_Fast_and_Slow_Growing_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/links/5680f5bb08ae1975838dde33/Exploratory-Research-on-Relationship-between-Entrepreneurial-Orientation-Dimensions-and-Business-Performance-and-Growth-of-Fast-and-Slow-Growing-Small-and-Medium-Enterprises-in-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina.pdf on March 3, 2020.
  74. Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (4th ed.). England, UK: McGraw Hill Open University Press.
  75. Poczwardowski, A., Diehl, B., O'Neil, A., Cote, T., & Haberl, P. (2014). Successful transitions to the Olympic Train-ing Center, Colorado Springs: A mixed-method exploration with six resident-athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.773950
  76. Pratono, A.H. (2018). Does firm performance increase with risk-taking behavior under information technological turbulence? Empirical evidence from Indonesian SMEs. Journal of Risk Finance, 19(4), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-10-2017-0170
  77. Priyono, P. (2017). Effect of Social Capital to the Life Satisfaction of Academic Personnel in the Higher Education Through the Human Capital and Institutional Model. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(7), 253-276. Retrieved from http://eprints.binadarma.ac.id/id/eprint/3310 on March 3, 2020.
  78. Salisu, I., Hashim, N., Ismail, K., & Isa, F.M. (2017). Mediating effect of entrepreneurial career resilience between entrepreneurial career commitment and entrepreneurial career success. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(19), 231-251. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isyaku-Salisu/publication/322736940_Mediating_effect_of_entrepreneurial_career_resilience_between_entrepreneuri-al_career_commitment_and_entrepreneurial_career_success/links/5ba5e90fa6fdccd3cb69ed2c/Mediating-effect-of-entrepreneurial-career-resilience-between-entrepreneurial-career-commitment-and-entrepreneurial-career-success.pdf on March 3, 2020.
  79. Salisu, I., Hashim, N., Mashi, M.S., & Aliyu, H.G. (2020). Perseverance of effort and consistency of interest for entrepreneurial career success: Does resilience matter?. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Econo-mies, 12(2), 279-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-02-2019-0025
  80. Santos, G., Marques, C.S., & Ferreira, J.J. (2020). Passion and perseverance as two new dimensions of an Individ-ual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale. Journal of Business Research, 112, 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.016
  81. Shane, S., Locke, E.A., & Collins, C.J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2
  82. Sheldon, K.M., Elliot, A.J., Ryan, R.M., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., Wu, C., ... & Sun, Z. (2004). Self-concordance and sub-jective well-being in four cultures. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35(2), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103262245
  83. Shrader, R.C., Oviatt, B.M., & McDougall, P.P. (2000). How new ventures exploit trade-offs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the 21st century. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1227-1247. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556347
  84. Stroe, S., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2018). Effectuation or causation: An fsQCA analysis of entrepreneurial pas-sion, risk perception, and self-efficacy. Journal of Business Research, 89, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.035
  85. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th edn). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  86. Tan, J., & Litsschert, R.J. (1994). Environment‐strategy relationship and its performance implications: An empiri-cal study of the Chinese electronics industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150102
  87. Thorgren, S., & Wincent, J. (2015). Passion and habitual entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 33(2), 216-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613487085
  88. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2001). The focus of entrepreneurial research: contextual and pro-cess issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870102500405
  89. Vallerand, R.J., Mageau, G.A., Elliot, A.J., Dumais, A., Demers, M.A., & Rousseau, F. (2008). Passion
  90. and performance attainment in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(3), 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.003
  91. Vallerand, R.J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people's lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.1
  92. Vallerand, R.J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G.A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., ... & Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l'ame: on obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756
  93. Vallerand, R.J. (2016). The dualistic model of passion: theory, research, and implications for the field of educa-tion. In W. Liu, J. Wang, & R. Ryan (Eds.), Building autonomous learners (pp. 31-58). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_3
  94. Van Scotter, J.R., & Garg, S. (2019). Entrepreneurial Tenacity and Self-Efficacy Effects on Persisting Across Indus-try Contexts. Contemporary Management Research, 15(3), 147-173. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.19501
  95. Venkatraman, N. (1989). Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct, dimensionality, and meas-urement. Management Science, 35(8), 942-962. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.942
  96. Wach, D., Stephan, U., Marjan, J.G., & Wegge, J. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ achieved success: developing a multi-faceted measure. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0532-5
  97. Wales, W.J. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: A review and synthesis of promising research directions. Inter-national Small Business Journal, 34(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615613840
  98. Wu, S., Matthews, L., & Dagher, G.K. (2007). Need for achievement, business goals, and entrepreneurial persis-tence. Management Research News, 30(12), 928-941. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710833358
  99. Zahra, S.A. (2018). Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms: The wellspring of the regenerative capability. Fami-ly Business Review, 31(2), 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486518776871
  100. Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Lee, S.H., & Bo Chen, L. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, organizational learning, and perfor-mance: Evidence from China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00359.x

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.