Inspiring Work-Life Balance: Responsible Leadership among Female Pharmacists in the Egyptian Health Sector
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2018.060104Abstract
Objective:The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of responsible leadership on female pharmacists’ work-life balance/imbalance forms in public hospitals in Menoufia province, Egypt.
Research Design & Methods: This is a quantitative study and a total of 350 female pharmacists were contacted. After four follow ups, a total of 230 responses were collected with a response rate of 65.71%.
Findings:The findings highlighted only an aggregate of virtues and is not considered a strong statistical predictor for any of the three work-life balance/imbalance forms (time-based balance/imbalance, strain-based balance/imbalance and behaviour-based balance/imbalance) while the other three dimensions (stakeholder involvement, the model of leader’s role and the principles of ethical values) of responsible leadership had a significantly high effect on work- life forms.
Implications & Recommendations: Dependent and independent variables were collected from the same source, and this may have led to an inflation of statistical relationships. Public organisations like hospitals have to treat female pharmacists responsively as one of the main stakeholders who requires flexible work hours, active participation in decision making, and clear empowerment in the workplace.
Contribution & Value Added:This article contributes by filling a gap in management and organisation literature, in which empirical studies on the relationship between responsible leadership and work-life balance/imbalance have so far been quite limited in the literature. For future studies, the author suggests testing the same propositions with physicians, nurses, and other categories of employees in Egyptian public hospitals.
Keywords
responsible leadership, work-life balance, Egypt, health care
References
- Alas, R., & Mousa, M. (2016). Cultural diversity and business schools’ curricula: a case from Egypt, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 14(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(2-1).2016.01
- Anderson, C.D. (1996). Understanding the inequality problematic: from scholarly rhetoric to theo-retical reconstruction. Gender and Society, 10, 729-746.
- Antunes, A., & Franco, M. (2016). How people in organizations make sense of responsible leader-ship practices. Multiple case studies. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(1), 126-152. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2014-0084
- Anxo, D., Franz, C., & Kummerling, A. (2013). Working in time and work- life balance in a life course perspective. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living And Working Conditions, Dublin.
- Avgar, A.C., Givan, R.K., & Liu, M. (2011). A balancing act: work- life balance and multiple stake-holder outcomes in hospitals. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49(4), 717-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2010.00839.x
- Avram, D.O., & Kuhne, S. (2008). Implementing responsible business behaviour from a strategic management perspective: Developing a framework for Austrian SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9897-7
- Bonoli, G. (2005). The politics of the new social policies: providing coverage against new social risks in mature welfare states. Policy and Politics, 33(3), 431-449.
- Brown, R., Charnsangavej, T., Kenough, K.A., Newan, M.L., & Rentfrow, P. (2000). Putting the affirm into affirmative action: preferential selection and academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 736-747.
- Cameron, K. (2011). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 25-35.
- Carlson, D.S., Witt, L.A., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work-family balance more than conflict and en-richment?. Human Relations, 62(10), 1459-1468.
- Carnicer, M., Sanchez, A.M., Perez, M.P., & Vela Jimenez, M.J. (2003). Gender differences of mobility: analysis of job and work-family factors. Women in Management Review, 18(4), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420310479408
- Carrasco, I. (2007). Corporate social responsibility, values and cooperation. International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 454-460.
- Cegarra-Leiva, D., Sanchez-Vidal, M.E., & Cegarra-Navarro, J.G. (2012). Understanding the link between work life balance practices and organizational outcomes in SMEs. Personnel Review, 41(3), 359-379.
- Ciculla, J.B. (2004). Ethics and leadership effectiveness. In J. Antonakis, A.T. Cianciola, & R.J. Stern-berg (Eds.), The Nature of Leadership (pp. 302-328), CA: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
- Clark, S.C. (2000). Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/ family balance. Human Rela-tions, 53(6), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
- Cunha, M., Rego, A., & Cunha, R. (2007). Positive Organizations. Lisbon: Dom Quixote.
- De Hoogh, A.H., & Den Hartog, D.N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader’s social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates’ op-timism: a multi- method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
- Drew, E., & Daverth, G. (2009). Living together… or working to live? The role of managers in creat-ing work-life balance in Ireland. ICTU Briefing Paper (pp. 1-27), Dublin.
- Drew, E., & Murtagh, E.M. (2005). Work/life balance: senior management champions or laggards?. Women in Management Review, 20(4), 262-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599089
- Drew, E., Humphrey, P., & Murphy, C. (2003). Off the treadmill-achieving work/life balance. The National Framework Committee for Work/Life Balance Policies.
- Earley, P.C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: a comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 34(4), 565-581.
- Eikhof, D.R., Warhust, C., & Haunschild, A. (2007). Introduction: what work? What life? What balance? Critical reflections on the work- life balance debate. Employee Relations, 29(4), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710839452
- Elloy, D.F., & Smith, C.R. (2003). Patterns of stress, work-family conflict, role conflict, role ambigu-ity and overload among dual-career and single-career couples: an Australian study. Cross Cul-tural Management, 10(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600310797531
- Emslie, C., & Hunt, K. (2009). Live to work or work to live? A qualitative study of gender and work-life balance among men and women in mid-life. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00434.x
- Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2016). Benevolent leadership and psychological well-being: the moderat-ing effects of psychological safety and psychological contract breach. Leadership & Organiza-tion Development Journal, 37(3), 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2014-0129
- Eva, N., & Sendjaya, S. (2013). Creating future leaders: an examination of youth leadership development in Australia. Education and Training, 55(6), 584-598. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2012-0082
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Ontario: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
- Frone, M.R., Yardley, J.K., & Markel, K.S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 50, 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1577
- Fu, C., & Shaffer, M. (2001). The tug of work and family: direct and indirect domain-specific deter-minants of family interference with work and work interference with family. Personnel Re-view, 30(1), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936
- Gregory, A., Milner, S., & Windebank, J. (2013). Work-life balance in times of economic crisis and austerity. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 33(9/10), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-05-2013-0061
- Harr, J., & Spell, C. (2004). Programme knowledge and value of work. Family practice and organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resources Management, 15(6), 1040-1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190410001677304
- Hennig, M., Gaterman, D., & Hagglund, A.E. (2012). Pros and cons of family of family policies for mother’s labour market participation. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32 (9/10), 502-512.
- Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G.J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. McGraw Hill.
- Holt, R. (2006). Principles and practice: Rhetoric and the moral character of managers. Human Relations, 59(2), 1659-1680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706072867
- Hymavathi, Ch.L., Kasarabada, A., & Avadhanam, S. (2015). Demonstrating responsible leadership at SOS Villages—A real case. International Journal on Leadership, 3(2), 1-6.
- Inglehart, R. (2008). Changing values among western publics from 1970 to 2006. West European Politics, 31(1-2), 130-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380701834747
- Kim, H.K. (2014). Work-life balance and employees’ performance: the mediating role of affective commitment. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 6(1), 37-51.
- Kim, S.M. (2012). A study on women resources utilization: introduction of work-life balance policy, unpublished master’s thesis, Keimyung University, Korea.
- Lee, Y.H. (2005). The effect of work-life practices on the job pursuit intentions, unpublished mas-ter’s thesis, Joongang University, Korea.
- Lim, D.H., Song, J.H., & Choi, M. (2012). Work-family interface: effect of enrichment and conflict on job performance of Korean workers. Journal of Management and Organization, 18(3), 383-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2012.18.3.383
- Maak, T., & Pless, N.M. (2006). Responsible leadership in a stakeholder society- A relational per-spective. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9047-z
- Maak, T., & Pless, N.M. (2009). Business leaders as citizens of the world. Advancing humanism on a global scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(3), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0122-0
- Morland, M.P. (2015). Philosophical assumptions undermining responsible management education. Journal of Management Development, 34(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2014-0060
- Mousa, M., & Abdelgaffar, H.A. (2017). A float over uncertainty and cynicism: an experience from Egypt. Journal of Commerce and Management Thought, 8(3), 508-530.
- Mousa, M., & Alas, R. (2016). Cultural diversity and organizational commitment: A study on teach-ers of primary public schools in Menoufia (Egypt). International Business Research 9(7), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n7p154
- Mousa, M., & Alas, R. (2016). Uncertainty and organizational commitment: a study on primary public schools’ teachers in Menoufia (Egypt). European Journal of Business and Management 8(20), 38-47.
- Mousa, M. (2017). Clouds over Egypt: Culture Traits and Organizational Commitment in Public Education. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 7(2), 251-258.
- Mousa, M. (2017). How do nurses perceive their cultural diversity? An exploratory case study. African Journal of Business Management, 11(17), 446-455. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2017.8363
- Morgeson, F.P., Dierdorff, E.C., & Hmurovic, J.L. (2010). Work design in situ: Understanding the role of occupational and organizational context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.642
- Murphy, F., & Doherty, L. (2011). The experience of work life balance for Irish senior managers. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(4), 252-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151111135732
- Muse, L., Harris, S.G., Giles, W.E., & Feild, H.S. (2008). Work-life benefits and positive organiza-tional behavior: is there a connection?. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.506
- Nelson, D.L., Quick, J.C., Hitt, M.A., & Moesel, D. (1990). Politics, lack of career progress and work/home conflict: stress and strain for working women. Sex Roles, 23(3-4), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289864
- Nonet, G., Kassel, K., & Meijs, L. (2016). Understanding responsible management: Emerging themes and variations from European business school programs. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 717-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3149-z
- Parkes, L.P., & Langford, P.H. (2008). Work-life balance or work-life alignment? A test of the importance of work-life balance for employee engagement and intention to stay in organizations. Journal of Management and Organization, 14(3), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.267
- Pless, N.M., & Maak, T. (2011). Responsible leadership: Pathways to the future. Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 3-13. https://doi.org.10.1007/s10551-011-1114-4
- Pless, N.M., Maak, T., & Waldman, D.A. (2012). Different approaches toward doing the right thing: mapping the responsibility orientations of leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(4), 451-465.
- Pless, N.M. (2007). Understanding responsible leadership: role identity and motivational drivers. Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4), 437-456. https://doi.org.10.1007/s10551-007-9518-x
- Preez, R.D., & Zyl, L.T.V. (2015). Toward the development of a corporate social responsibility lead-ership questionnaire: an adaptation of the LB1-2. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1256
- Redmond, J., Valiulis, M., & Drew, E. (2006). Literature Review on Issues of Work Life Balance, Workplace Culture and Maternity/Childcare Issues. Dublin: Ireland Crisis Pregnancy Agency.
- Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business. A skill building approach (4th Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Sharma, S., Parmar, J.S., & Chauhan, S.S. (2016). Work-related variables and work-life balance
- – A study on nurses in government hospitals of Himachal Pradesh. Productivity, 57(3), 286-292.
- Sheokand, K.S., & Priyanka (2013). Work life balance: an overview of Indian companies. Interna-tional Journal of Research in Commerce And Management, 4(1), 138-143.
- Tran, D.M., Fallon, W., & Vickers, M.H. (2016). Leadership in Vietnamese state owned enterprises (SOEs) exploring multi-stakeholder perceptions – a qualitative study. Asia Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 8(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-10-2014-0116
- Voegtlin, C. (2011). Development of a scale measuring discursive responsible leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 57-73.
- Wade, M. (2006). Developing leaders for sustainable business. In T. Maak & N.M. Pless (Eds.), Responsible Leadership (pp. 227-244). London: Routledge.
- Waldman, D.A., & Galvin, B.M. (2008). Alternative perspectives of responsible leadership. Organ-izational Dynamics, 37(4), 327-341.
- Waldman, D.A., & Siegel, D. (2008). Defining the socially responsible leader. The Leadership Quar-terly, 19(1), 117-131. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.008
- Wang, S., Huang, W., Gao, Y., Ansett, S., & Xu, S. (2015). Can socially responsible leaders drive Chinese firm performance?. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(4), 435-450. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2014-0006