Entrepreneurial values and circular economy adoption: A cross-lagged SEM-based machine learning study

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the article is to provide an entrepreneurial value-based perspective that can either drive or derail circular economy (CE) adoption and related strategies. The study argued that fundamental shifts toward CE adoption require a more profound value-based change.

Research Design & Methods: Existing studies have analysed several self-transcending values in advancing circular economy (CE). However, an adequate investigation is yet to occur on self-advancing values that can obstruct CE adoption and practice in an entrepreneurial context. Embedded within a norm activation model (NAM) and informed by value-belief-norm theory (VBN), the study builds on cross-lagged data (n=477) to explain the clash between dominant self-advancing entrepreneurial values and CE strategies.

Findings: The SEM-based machine-learning test results predicted that entrepreneurial hedonic and egoistic values complemented by hedonic and egoistic consumption reciprocally drive linearity rather than circularity within entrepreneurship. However, awareness of the consequences of adverse CE business models on society and the environment moderates the effect of self-enhancing values on CE strategies.

Implications & Recommendations: Policy instruments and macro-level societal intervention in creating, enhancing, and balancing self-transcendence values with self-advancing values can improve CE adoption across the entrepreneurial architecture.

Contribution & Value Added: The study is one of the first to demonstrate entrepreneurial value-oriented barriers to circularity, derailing CE diffusion to the broader entrepreneurial landscape. It suggests measures to enhance CE adoption among entrepreneurs.

Keywords

circular economy, entrepreneurial values, sustainability, hedonic, egoistic, Structural equation modelling

Author Biography

Tahseen Anwer Arshi

Director of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, American University of Ras Al KhaimahPhd (UK) MBA, (Australia), Mphil, MA, CEE

Joseph Wallis

Professor Joseph L. Wallis has served as Dean of the School of Business at the American University of Ras Al Khaimah since 2018.  During his academic career which commenced after the completion of his Ph.D. in Economics at Rhodes University in South Africa in 1984, his program of scholarly research has become increasingly cross-disciplinary and now encompasses the areas of economics, public administration, public policy, leadership, and ethics, and includes five scholarly books as well as over ninety refereed articles including those in journals such as World Development, Governance, Public Administration; Public Policy and Administration; Internet  Research and Public Management Review.  

References

1. Al Mamun, A., Hayat, N., Mohiuddin, M., Salameh, A.A., Ali, M.H., & Zainol, N.R. (2022). Modeling the signif-icance of value-belief-norm theory in predicting workplace energy conservation behavior. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 940595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.940595
2. Ali, M.I.M., & Choe, P. (2022). Independent User Circular Behaviors and Their Motivators and Barriers: A Review. Sustainability, 14, 13319. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013319
3. Andersch, H., Arnold, C., Seemann, A.K., & Lindenmeier, J. (2019). Understanding ethical purchasing behav-ior: Validation of an enhanced stage model of ethical behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Ser-vices, 48, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.004
4. Arshi, T.A., Ambrin, A., Rao, V., Morande, S., & Gul, K. (2022). A Machine Learning Assisted Study Exploring Hormonal Influences on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Behaviour. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 31(3), 575-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557221136273
5. Arshi, T.A., Islam, S., & Gunupudi, N. (2021). Predicting the effect of entrepreneurial stressors and the re-sultant strain on entrepreneurial behavior: an SEM-based machine-learning approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(7), 1819-1848. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2020-0529
6. Asano, R., Tsukamoto, S., Igarashi, T., & Huta, V. (2018). Psychometric properties of hedonic and eudaimonic orientations measures in Japan: the HEMA scale. Current Psychology, 40(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9954-z
7. Basso, B., Jones, J.W., Antle, J., Martinez-Feria, R.A., & Verma, B. (2021). Enabling circularity in grain production systems with novel technologies and policies. Agricultural Systems, 193, 103244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103244
8. Batson, C.D., Dyck, J.L., Brandt, J.R., Batson, J.G., Powell, A.L., McMaster, M.R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five stud-ies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 52-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.52
9. Bouman, T., Steg, L., & Kiers, H.A.L. (2018). Measuring Values in Environmental Research: A Test of an Envi-ronmental Portrait Value Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 23(9), 564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00564
10. Bianchini, A., Guarnieri, P., & Rossi, J.A. (2022). Framework to Assess Social Indicators in a Circular Economy Perspective. Sustainability, 14, 7970. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137970
11. Brandão, A.S., Gonçalves, A., & Santos, José M.R.C.A. (2021). Circular bioeconomy strategies: From scientific research to commercially viable products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 126407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126407
12. Braaten, A., Huta, V., Tyrany, L., & Thompson, A. (2019). Hedonic and eudaimonic motives toward university studies: how they relate to each other and to well-being derived from school. Journal of Positive Psy-chology and Well-being, 3, 179-196.
13. Canlas, I.P., Karpudewan, M., & Mohamed Ali Khan, N.S. (2022). More Than Twenty Years of Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism: What Has Been and Yet to Be Done?. Interdisciplinary Journal of En-vironmental and Science Education, 18(2), e2269. https://doi.org/10.21601/ijese/11801
14. Chang, R-D., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z-Y., Zillante, G., Gan, X-L., & Soebarto, V. (2017). Evolving theories of sustainabil-ity and firms: History, future directions and implications for renewable energy research. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.029
15. Corvellec, H., Stowell, A.F., & Johansson, N. (2022). Critiques of the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 26, 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13187
16. Dantas, R.M., Ilyas, A., Martins, J.M., & Rita, J.X. (2022). Circular Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets through the Lens of Sustainability. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(4), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040211
17. Damaneh, H.E. et al. (2023). Integrating the norm activation model and theory of planned behavior to inves-tigate farmer pro-environmental behavioral intention. Science Reports, 13, 5584 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32831-x
18. Ettis, S.A. (2022). How do personal values help to build Generation Y’s entrepreneurial intentions? The role of gender differences. Gender in Management, 37(1), 108-125. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2021-0035
19. Fan, Y., Chen, J., & Shirkey, G. et al. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecological Process, 5(19), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
20. Foroozanfar, M.H., Imanipour, N., & Sajadi, S.M. (2022). Integrating circular economy strategies and business models: a systematic literature review Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(5), 678-700. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2021-0411
21. Gareth, J., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applica-tions in Research. New York: Springer, and New York, NY.
22. Genovese A., & Pansera, M. (2020). The circular economy at a crossroads: Technocratic eco-modernism or convivial technology for social revolution?. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1763414
23. Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N.M.P., & Hultink, E.J. (2017). The circular economy: A new sustainabil-ity paradigm?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
24. Gkargkavouzi, A., Halkos, G., & Matsiori, S. (2019). Environmental behavior in a private-sphere context: Integrating theories of planned behavior and value belief norm, self-identity and habit. Resources, Con-servation and Recycling, 148, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.039
25. Gomes, G.M., Moreira, N., Bouman, T., Ometto, A.R., & Van der Werff, E. (2022). Towards Circular Economy for More Sustainable Apparel Consumption: Testing the Value-Belief-Norm Theory in Brazil and The Netherlands. Sustainability 2022, 14, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020618
26. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Boston: Cen-gage.
27. Hansla, A., Gamble, A., Juliusson, A., & Garling, T. (2008). The relationships between awareness of conse-quences, environmental concern, and value orientations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.08.004
28. Helmi, A., Marty, Y., Umi Kaltum, O., & Faisal, Y. (2023). The influence of hedonic values and extraversion on online impulse buying: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Innovative Marketing, 19(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.19(1).2023.05
29. Heller, Marit, H., & Vatn, A. (2017). The divisive and disruptive effect of a weight-based waste fee. Ecological Economics, 131(C), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.002
30. He, X., & Zhan, W. (2018). How to activate moral norm to adopt electric vehicles in China? An empirical study based on extended norm activation theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3546-3556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.088
31. Hendrik, N., & de Jong, G. (2020). The impact of values and future orientation on intention formation within sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 122052.
32. Henry, M., Bauwens, T., Hekkert, M., & Kirchherr, J. (2020). A typology of circular startups: An Analysis of 128 circular business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, 118528, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118528
33. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
34. Huta, V., & Ryan, R.M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: the differential and overlapping well-being bene-fits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 735-762. https://doi.10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
35. Inigo, E.A., & Blok, V. (2019). Strengthening the socio-ethical foundations of the circular econo-my: Lessons from responsible research and innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 280-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.053
36. Johansson, N., & Krook, J. (2021). How to handle the policy conflict between resource circulation and hazardous substanc-es in the use of waste?. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 25(4), 994-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13103
37. Katinka, J.P., Bommel, Q.K.V., Erkelens, A.M., & Wempe, J. (2023). People at the heart of circularity: A mixed methods study about trade-offs, synergies, and strategies related to circular and social organizing. Jour-nal of Cleaner Production, 387, (135780), https://doi.10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135780
38. Kirchherr, J., Yang, N.H.F., Schulze-Spüntrup, F., Heerink, M.J., & Hartley, K. (2023). Conceptualizing the Circu-lar Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001
39. Krajnc, D., Kovačič, D., Žunec, E., Brglez, K., Kovačič, & Lukman, R. (2022). Youth Awareness and Attitudes towards a Circular Economy to Achieve the Green Deal Goals. Sustainability, 14, 12050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912050
40. Kumar, A., & Pandey, M. (2023). Social Media and Impact of Altruistic Motivation, Egoistic Motivation, Sub-jective Norms, and EWOM toward Green Consumption Behavior: An Empirical Investigation. Sustainabil-ity, 15, 4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054222
41. Kębłowski, W., Lambert, D., & Bassens, D. (2020). Circular economy and the city: An urban political economy agenda. Culture and Organization, 26(2), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2020.1718148
42. Khan, O., Daddi, T., & Iraldo, F. (2021). Sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring: Key capabilities and organization-al routines for circular economy implementation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 287, 125565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125565
43. Kirby, D.A., El-Kaffass, I., & Healey-Benson, F. (2022). Harmonious entrepreneurship: evolution from wealth creation to sustainable development. Journal of Management History, 28(4), 514-529. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMH-11-2021-0060
44. Legros, S., & Cislaghi, B. (2020). Mapping the Social-Norms Literature: An Overview of Reviews. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619866455
45. Linder, M., & Williander, M. (2017). Circular Business Model Innovation: Inherent Uncertainties. Business Strategy and Environment, 26(2), 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1906
46. Mansilla-Obando, K., Jeldes-Delgado, F., & Guiñez-Cabrera, N. (2022). Circular Economy Strategies with So-cial Implications: Findings from a Case Study. Sustainability, 14, 13658. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013658
47. Mavropoulos, A., & Nilsen, A.W. (2020). Industry 4.0 and circular economy: Towards a wasteless future or a wasteful planet? Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
48. Moraga, G., Huysveld, S., Mathieux, F., Blengini, G.A., Karel, L.A., Acker, V., Meester, S.D., & Dewulf, J. (2019). Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 146, 452-461.
49. Niskanen, J., Anshelm, J., & Mclaren, D. (2020). Local conflicts and national consensus: The strange case of circular economy in Sweden. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121117
50. Oh, J., & Ki, E-J. (2023). Extending norm activation theory to understand publics’ support for environmental-ly responsible organizations. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 28(3), 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2022-0024
51. Osburg, V.-S. A. P., Y. V. et al. (2019). The influence of contrasting values on consumer receptiveness to ethi-cal information and ethical choices. Journal of Business Research, 104. 366-379
52. Panait, M., Hysa, E., Raimi, L., Kruja, A., & Rodriguez, A. (2022). Guest editorial: Circular economy and entre-preneurship in emerging economies: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerg-ing Economies, 14(5), 673-677. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2022-487
53. Prakash, G., Choudhary, S., Kumar, A., Garza-Reyes, J.A., Khan, S.A., & Panda, T.K. (2019). Do altruistic and egoistic values influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions toward eco-friendly packaged products?. An empirical investigation, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.05.011
54. Picot-Coupey, K., Krey, N., Huré, E., & Ackermann, C-L. (2021). Still work and/or fun? Corrobora-tion of the hedonic and utilitarian shopping value scale. Journal of Business Research, 126, 578-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.018
55. Rashidi, H.H., Albahra, S., Robertson, S., Tran, N., & Hu, B. (2023). Common statistical concepts in the super-vised Machine Learning arena. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1130229
56. Rees, C.S., Breen, L.J., Cusack, L., & Hegney, D. (2015). Understanding individual resilience in the workplace: the international collaboration of workforce resilience model. Frontiers in Psy-chology, 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00073
57. Rovanto, S., & Finne, M. (2023). What Motivates Entrepreneurs into Circular Economy Action? Evidence from Japan and Finland. Journal of Business Ethics, 184. 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05122-0
58. Ruskin, J., Seymour R.G., & Webster, C.M. (2016). Why create value for others? An exploration of social en-trepreneurial motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54, 1015-1037.
59. Ryff, C.D. (2019). Entrepreneurship and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Five Venues for New Science. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 646-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.003
60. Salesa, A., León, R., & Moneva, J.M. (2022). Is Business Research Shaping the Circle? Systematic and Biblio-metric Review of Circular Economy Research. Sustainability, 14, 8306. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148306
61. Salvioni, D.M., Bosetti, L., & Fornasari, T. (2022). Implementing and Monitoring Circular Business Models: An Analysis of Italian SMEs. Sustainability, 14, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010270
62. Savari, M., Damaneh, H.E., & Damaneh, H.E. et al. (2023). Integrating the norm activation model and theory of planned behavior to investigate farmer pro-environmental behavioral intention. Science Reports, 13, 5584. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32831-x
63. Seymour, R.J., Webster, R.G., & Cynthia, M. (2016). Why Create Value for Others? An Exploration of Social Entrepreneurial Motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1015-1037, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12229
64. Schwartz, S.H., & Butenko, T. (2014). Values and behavior? Validating the refined value theory in Russia. European. Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 799-813. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2053
65. Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
66. Schwartz, S.H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. In B. Leonard (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 10, pp. 221-279). Academic Press.
67. Selig, J.P., & Little, T.D. (2012). Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. In B. Laursen, T.D. Little, & N.A. Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (p. 265-278). NY: The Guilford Press.
68. Septiani, S., Najib, M., & Sumarwan, U. (2020). Egoistic and Altruistic Motives on the Purchasing Behavioral Model of Organic Food in the Indonesian Market, Conference: Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Organizational Innovation, January. https://doi.org/10.2991/icoi-19.2019.8
69. Shen, M., & Wang, J. (2022). The Impact of Pro-environmental Awareness Components on Green Consump-tion Behavior: The Moderation Effect of Consumer Perceived Cost, Policy Incentives, and Face Culture. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.580823
70. Singh, P., Sahadev, S., Wei, X., & Henninger, C.E. (2023). Modeling the antecedents of consumers’ willingness to pay for eco-labeled food products. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(4), 1256-1272. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12900
71. Staats, H., & Wilke, Henk, A.M. (2007). Situational and Personality Factors as Direct or Personal Norm Medi-ated Predictors of Pro-environmental Behavior: Questions Derived from Norm-activation Theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323-334. https://doi.10.1080/01973530701665058
72. Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., Abel, T.D., Guagnano, G., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6, 81-97. Retrieved from https://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her62/62sternetal.pdf on July 2, 2023.
73. Sutherland, B.R. (2020). Sustainably Heating Heavy Industry. Joule, 4(1), 14-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.12.020
74. Tabachnik, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. London: Pearson International Education.
75. Tarka, P., Harnish, R.J., & Babaev, J. (2022). From materialism to hedonistic shopping values and compulsive buying: A mediation model examining gender differences. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 21(4), 786-805. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2037
76. Temesgen, A., Storsletten, V., & Jakobsen, O. (2021). Circular economy – Reducing symptoms or Radical Change? Philosophy of Management, 20(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-019-00112-1
77. Tian, H., & Liu, X. (2022). Pro-Environmental Behavior Research: Theoretical Progress and Future Directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 31, 19(11), 6721-6721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116721
78. Tran, N.K., Albahra, S., Pham, T., Holmes, J., Greenhalgh, D., Palmieri, T.L. et al. (2020). Novel application of an automated-machine learning development tool for predicting burn sepsis: proof of concept. Science Reports, 10(1), 12354. https://doi.org/0.1038/s41598-020-69433-w
79. Trautwein, U., Babazade, J., Trautwein, S., & Lindenmeier, J. (2023). Exploring pro-environmental behavior in Azerbaijan: an extended value-belief-norm approach. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(2), 523-543. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2021-0082
80. Van der Werff, E., & Steg, L. (2022). The psychology of participation and interest in smart energy systems: Comparing the Value-Belief-Norm theory and the value-identity-personal norm model. Energy Research and Social Science, 22, 107-114.
81. Völker, T., Kovacic, Z., & Strand, R. (2020). Indicator development as a site of collective imagination? The case of European Commission policies on the circular economy. Culture and Organization, 26(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2019.1699092
82. Vuorio, A.M., Puumalainen, K., & Fellnhofer, K. (2018). Drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in sustainable entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 24, 359-381
83. Wang, B., Wang, X., Guo, D., Zhang, B., & Wang, Z. (2018). Analysis of Factors Influencing Residents’ Habitual Energy-Saving Behaviour Based on NAM and TPB Models: Egoism or Altruism?. Energy Policy, 116, 68-77.
84. Wei, S., Liu, F., She, S., & Wu, R. (2022). Values, Motives, and Organic Food Consumption in China: A Moder-ating Role of Perceived Uncertainty. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.736168
85. Wei, Q., Lv, D., Lin, Y., Zhu, D., Liu, S., & Liu, Y. (2023). Influence of Utilitarian and Hedonic Attributes on Willingness to Pay Green Product Premiums and Neural Mechanisms in China: An ERP Study. Sustainabil-ity, 15, 2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032403
86. Yulistyawati, E.T., Andriani, K., & Sunarti, U. (2020). The influence of utilitarian Value, hedonic Value, Social Value, and perceived risk on customer satisfaction: Survey of e-commerce customers in Indonesia, Busi-ness: Theory and Practice, Vilnius, 21(2), 613-622.
87. Yasir, N., Mahmood, N., Mehmood, H.S., Rashid, O., & Liren, A. (2021). The Integrated Role of Personal Val-ues and Theory of Planned Behavior to Form a Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intention. Sustainability, 13, 9249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169249
88. Zhang, L., Ruiz-Menjivar, J., Luo, B., Liang, Z., & Swisher, M.E. (2020). Predicting climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviors in agricultural production: A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101408
89. Zioło, M., Bąk, I., & Spoz, A. (2023). Theoretical framework of sustainable value creation by companies. What do we know so far?. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(5), 2344-2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2489