Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
September 2026

Articles

Moderating effects of work environment on the leadership–organisational commitment relationship

Published 2026-09-30

  • Katarzyna Łucjan
    • ,
  • Dawid Szostek
    • ,
  • Adam P. Balcerzak
    • ,
  • Elżbieta Rogalska

Katarzyna Łucjan
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Dawid Szostek
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Adam P. Balcerzak
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Elżbieta Rogalska
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this article is to identify the moderating role of the company industry, company size, the company department, and employees’ work position in the relationship between leadership style and organisational commitment. The article fills a gap in the literature on the relationship between leadership style and organisational commitment. Although there are many studies on this topic, the literature has not yet examined this relationship in terms of its moderation by characteristics of work and position.

Research Design & Methods: This article is based on an empirical study conducted on a sample of professionally active Poles. We analysed the obtained data using structural equation modelling (SEM).

Findings: The main findings show that transactional leadership strongly affects organisational commitment among employees of larger organisations in the engineering, technology, and information technology (IT) industries.

Implications & Recommendations: Transactional leaders most strongly influence organisational commitment among lower-level employees. In contrast, transformational leaders most strongly influence organisational commitment among higher-level employees. These results have practical implications for organisations, which allows them to increase organisational commitment and thus improve their outcomes.

Contribution & Value Added: Transformational leadership most substantially affects organisational commitment among employees working in smaller organisations and organisations in the services and medicine industries. Furthermore, the study also proved that workplace characteristics are essential for this relationship. Therefore, employees in administration and support departments show greater organisational commitment when a transformational leader manages them, while employees in operations and logistics departments show greater commitment when a transactional leader manages them.

Keywords

leadership style, organisational commitment, human resources management, transactional leader, transformational leader

(PDF) Save

Author Biography

Katarzyna Łucjan

Doctoral Student at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in Poland. Her research interests include counterproductive work behaviours and human resource management.

Dawid Szostek

Associate Professor at the Faculty of Economics and Management in Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in Poland. His research interests include counterproductive work behaviours, human resource management, and organisational management.

Adam P. Balcerzak

Associate Professor at the Faculty of Economics in University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in Poland; and Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business and Economics in Brno University of Technology in Czechia. His research interests include organisational challenges under AI proliferation pressure and counterproductive work behaviours.

Elżbieta Rogalska

Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Economics in University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in Poland. Her research interests include managerial economics, counterproductive work behaviours and human resource management.

References

  1. Abbas, M., & Ali, R. (2023). Transformational versus transactional leadership styles and project success: A meta-analytic review. European Management Journal, 41(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.10.011
  2. AL Rawas, S. A. S. M., & Jantan, M. D. (2023). The moderating effect of leadership style on the relationship between job description and employee performance in the Omani public sector. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2288362
  3. Alshammari, H. A., & Yambao, F. M. P. (2025). The Role of Leadership Styles in Enhancing Employee Retention and Motivation. GEO Academic Journal, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.56738/issn29603986.geo2025.6.121
  4. Anthonius, A., Gunawan, J., & Khosa, A. (2025). Psychological capital and well-being: Do they influence auditors’ performance and resolve dysfunctional audit behaviour? Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 20(1), 427-462. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3242
  5. Aras, R. A., & Jufri, M. (2022). The Effects of Leadership Style on Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Across Hierarchical Levels. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Interdisciplinary Conference of Psychology, Health, and Social Science (ICPHS 2021). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220203.034
  6. Asianab, E. (2023). Influence of leadership styles on staff retention: a review of literature. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Research, 11(2), 26-34.
  7. Balcerzak, A. P., & Pietrzak, M. B. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling in Evaluation of Technological Potential of European Union Countries in the Years 2008-2012. In M. Papież & S. Śmiech (Eds.). The 10th Professor Aleksander Zelias International Conference on Modelling and Forecasting of Socio-Economic Phenomena. Conference Proceedings (pp. 9-18). Krakow: Foundation of the Krakow University of Economics
  8. Balcerzak, A. P., & Valaskova, K. (2024). Artificial intelligence: Financial management under pressure of transformative technology. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 19(4), 1127-1137. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3394
  9. Balcerzak, A. P., Škapa, S., & Zinecker, M. (2026a). AI proliferation and productivity growth: Do we face a new wave of Solow’s paradox? Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 21(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.4250
  10. Balcerzak, A. P., Škapa, S., Gedeon, T., & Lăzăroiu, G. (2025a). AI proliferation: From organizational change to long term, massive unemployment? Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 20(4), 1223-1231. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.4042
  11. Balcerzak, A.P., Zinecker, Z., & Mičánek, J. (2025b). The impact of artificial intelligence on task performance and decision-making: empirical evidence on Generation Z. Human Technology, 21(3), 620-639. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2025.21-3.7
  12. Balcerzak, A.P., Zinecker, Z., & Mičánek, J. (2026b). Generation Z and artificial intelligence: Usage patterns and delegation boundaries. Human Technology, 22(1), 158-177. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2026.22-1.8
  13. Barnes, M. R., Karan, M., McQuistin, S., Perkins, C., Tyson, G., Purver, M., Castro, I., & Clegg, R. G. (2023). Temporal Network Analysis of Email Communication Patterns in a Long Standing Hierarchy (Version 1). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2311.13442
  14. Bayati, M. M., Sadeghi, A., Jamasbi, M. M., & Tapak, L. (2025). Servant leadership, work-life quality, and organizational citizenship behavior in nurses: a cross-sectional design. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 561.
  15. Benkarim, A., & Imbeau, D. (2021). Organizational Commitment and Lean Sustainability: Literature Review and Directions for Future Research. Sustainability, 13(6), 3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063357
  16. Berisha, A., Govori, A., & Sejdija, Q. (2024). Impact of leadership styles on employee performance in small and medium enterprises. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 8(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv8i2p17
  17. Binu Raj, A. (2022). Internal branding, employees’ brand commitment and moderation role of transformational leadership: an empirical study in Indian telecommunication context. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(3), 285-308.
  18. Burton, A. M., & Dickinger, A. (2025). Innovation in Crisis. The role of leadership and dynamic capabilities for a more innovative hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 124, 103946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.103946
  19. Canavesi, A., & Minelli, E. (2021). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review and network analysis. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 34(3), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-021-09381-3
  20. Cantermi, B., & Lizote, S. (2022). Leadership and organizational culture in small companies. Revista de Administração Da UFSM, 15(4), 634-656. https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465970384
  21. Chang, K.-Y., & Ku, E. C. S. (2023). Discount or Prestige: E-reputation, Compatibility, and Continued Mobile Apps Usage Intention of Low-Cost Carriers. Journal of Tourism and Services, 14(26), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v14i26.463
  22. Chin, L., Yong, F. L., & Kong, M. (2024). A comparative study on transactional and transformational leadership styles among department heads at tertiary institutions in Malaysia. Jesselton Journal of Educators and Scholars, 1(1), 68-80.
  23. Devlin, B. S. (1978). Teacher participation in decision-making and its relationship to the variables, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job tension, and attitudinal militancy. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 39(6-A), 3257.
  24. Ding, X., Feng, L., Huang, Y., & Li, W. (2023). The Interactive Effects of Communication Network Structure and Organizational Size on Task Performance in Project-Based Organizations: The Mediating Role of Bootleg Innovation Behavior. Buildings, 14(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010098
  25. Donkor, F., Dongmei, Z., & Sekyere, I. (2021). The mediating effects of organizational commitment on leadership styles and employee performance in SOEs in Ghana: A structural equation modeling analysis. Sage Open, 11(2), 21582440211008894
  26. Dong, B. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Transactional Leadership Literature and Future Outlook. Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v2i3.7972
  27. Dur, R., Kvaløy, O., & Schöttner, A. (2022). Leadership styles and labor market conditions. Management Science, 68(4), 3150-3168.
  28. Eagly, A. H., & Johnson, B. T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233.
  29. Eger, L., & Žižka, M. (2024). Industry 4.0, digital transformation and human resource management: Emerging themes and research trends in the context of the Visegrad countries. Oeconomia Copernicana, 15(3), 1021-1065. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.3034
  30. Eniola, J., & Adeola, A. (2025). A Cross-Industry Study of Leadership Styles and Knowledge Management Outcomes [Preprint]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390423958_A_Cross-Industry_Study_of_Leadership_Styles_and_Knowledge_Management_Outcomes (1.02.2026)
  31. Fernandes, D. G. C., Sepulcri, L. M. C. B., Mainardes, E. W., & Azzari, V. (2025). The power of integrated marketing communication on organizational commitment and employee engagement. Journal of Marketing Communications, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2025.2521124
  32. Fuciu, M., & Șerban, A. S. (2024). Internal Communication in Organizations – A Study on Companies of the Sibiu City Area. Studies in Business and Economics, 19(3), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2024-0046
  33. Garzón-Lasso, F., Serrano-Malebrán, J., Arenas-Arango, S., & Molina, C. (2024). Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380935
  34. Gemeda H.K., & Lee, J. (2020). Leadership styles, work engagement and outcomes among information and communications technology professionals: A cross-national study. Heliyon, 6(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03699
  35. Hadziahmetovic, N., & Pozega, S. (2024). Fostering commitment in SMEs in Bosnia and Herzegovina: factors influencing affective continuance and normative commitment. Business Excellence and Management, 14(1), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.24818/beman/2024.14.1-02
  36. Holúbek, J., Maňák, R., & Rózsa, Z. (2025). Job crafting as a tool to support employee work assignment in the tourism sector: A systematic literature review (L. Durda , Trans.). Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 20(2), 549-582. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3771
  37. Huang, I. C., Du, P. L., Wu, L. F., Achyldurdyyeva, J., Wu, L. C., & Lin, C. S. (2021). Leader-member exchange, employee turnover intention and presenteeism: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(2), 249-264.
  38. Jamal, M. (1974). Task Specialization and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Examination Among Blue-Collar Workers. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1974(1), 38-38. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1974.17530715
  39. Jensen, U.T., Andersen, L.B., Bro, L.L., Bøllingtoft, A., Eriksen, T.L.M., Holten, A.L., Jacobsen, C.B., Ladenburg, J., Nielsen, P.A., Salomonsen, H.H., Westergård-Nielsen, N., & Würtz, A. (2019). Conceptualizing and measuring transformational and transactional leadership. Administration & Society, 51(1), 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716667157
  40. Karácsony, P., & Czibula, A. (2020). Relationships between leadership style and organizational performance in the case of hungarian small and medium-sized enterprises. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 22(2), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.22.2.14
  41. Kessi, A. M. P., Pananrang, A. D., Muchsidin, F. F., Rizal, M., & Ramlah, R. (2025). The role of leadership in effective and efficient human resource management decision making. Paradoks: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 8(2), 509-524.
  42. Kulat, G., Kakwani, D., Shah, N., & Naidu, K. (2023). A Critical Study on Impact of Leadership Style of Sales Managers on Performance of Sales Teams. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i6.1423
  43. Kwon, K., Bae, J., & Lawler, J. J. (2010). High Commitment HR Practices and Top Performers. Management International Review, 50(1), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0023-6
  44. Lazaroiu, G., Gedeon, T., Fernando, X., Herciu, M., Grecu, G., Chiru, C., Grecu, I., Pârvu, I., & Guni, C. (2025). The algorithmic management of job loss and creation in the enterprise generative, multimodal, and agentic artificial intelligence economy. Oeconomia Copernicana, 16(4), 1491-1524. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.3994
  45. Le, D. T., Christopher, S., Nguyen, T. T. T., Pham, H. T. T., & Nguyen, P. T. L. (2023). How leadership styles influence organizational outcomes: an empirical study in Vietnamese SMEs. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(10), 3893-3912
  46. Le, P. B. (2020). How transformational leadership facilitates radical and incremental innovation: the mediating role of individual psychological capital. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 12(3/4), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-04-2020-0129
  47. Lee, K., Allen, N.J., Meyer, J.P., & Rhee, K.-Y. (2001). The three-component model of organizational commitment: An application to South Korea. Applied Psychology An International Review, 50(4), 596-614. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00075
  48. Li, W., Abdalla, A. A., Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., & Parveen, M. (2023). Towards Examining the Link Between Green HRM Practices and Employee Green in-Role Behavior: Spiritual Leadership as a Moderator. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 383-396. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S396114
  49. Łucjan, K., Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., & Rogalska, E. (2023). Relationships between leadership style and organizational commitment: The moderating role of the system of work. Economics and Sociology, 16(4), 11-39. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-4/1
  50. Marx, T. G. (2017). The Impacts of Company Size on Leadership. Management and Organizational Studies, 4(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.5430/mos.v4n1p82
  51. Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-z
  52. Milhem, M., Ayyash, M. M., Ateeq, A. A., & Alzoraiki, M. (2024). Examining the relationship between transactional leadership style and leader’s emotional intelligence within the Palestinian ICT sector. In Intelligent Systems, Business, and Innovation Research (pp. 753-762). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  53. Najafabadi, N.M., Balcerzak, A.P., & Szostek, D. (2025). The Moderating Role of Negative Affect in the Relationship Between Counterproductive Work Behavior and Turnover Intentions: Evidence from the Steel Industry. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 30(4), 875-887. https://doi.org/10.46544/AMS.v30i4.04
  54. Nalla, N. R. (2025). Machine learning models for predicting employee retention and performance. International Journal of Data Science and Machine Learning, 05(01), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.55640/ijdsml-05-01-04
  55. Nguyen, T., Mai, D., & Vu, A. (2024). Study of factors influencing the organizational commitment of Generation Z working in the IT sector of Vietnam. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4706
  56. Nguyen, V. T., & Nguyen, T. K. (2021). Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Sector in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(11), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO11.0277
  57. Nielsen, M. B., Hetland, J., Harris, A., Notelaers, G., Gjerstad, J., & Einarsern, S. V. (2022). The impact of follower leadership position on transformational leadership as moderator of the association between work-related ambiguity and job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.970887
  58. Qalati, S. A., Zafar, Z., Fan, M., Sánchez Limón, M. L., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2022). Employee performance under transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediated model. Heliyon, 8(11), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11374
  59. Oyewobi, L. O. (2024). Leadership styles and employees commitment: the mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Facilities Management, 22(5), 737-757.
  60. Pham, N. T. K. (2022). The Impacts of Organizational Culture on Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Vietnamese Garment Companies. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(9), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2022.VOL9.NO9.0339
  61. Rashwan, K.A., & Ghaly, M. (2022). The effect of transformational, transactional and authentic leadership on innovation: the mediating role of organizational culture. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 17(4), 561-575. https://doi.org/10.1108/CBTH-09-2021-0216
  62. Riadi, F., Riani, D., Sunarsi, D., & Munna, A. S. (2025). Islamic Work Ethics-Based Organizational Citizenship Behavior to Improve the Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of Higher Education Lecturers in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership, 6(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.51629/ijeamal.v6i1.214
  63. Sampe, F., Ardianto, R., & Widjaja, W. (2023). Organizational leadership and justice’s impact on organizational commitment. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(6), 4626-4636. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v12i6.1050
  64. Saripudin, A., & Perkasa, D. H. (2024). The Influence of Work Environment, Leadership Style and Workload on Employee Job Satisfaction. Review: Journal of Multidisciplinary in Social Sciences, 1(06), 200-210.
  65. Shankar, Ch., Sundarapandiyan, N., & Vinoth, B. (2015). A research on employees’ organizational commitment in organizations: A case of SMEs in Malaysia. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 3(7), 10-19.
  66. Skopak, A., & Hadzaihmetovic, N. (2022). The impact of transformational and transactional leadership style on employee job satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 8(3), 113.
  67. Stordeur, S., Vandenberghe, C., & D’hoore, W. (2000). Leadership Styles Across Hierarchical Levels in Nursing Departments. Nursing Research, 49(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200001000-00006
  68. Sunarsi, D., Paramarta, V., Rozi, A., & Nugroho, J. (2021). Effect of Transformational, Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction : Evidence from Information Technology Industries. Information Technology in Industry 9(1), 987-996. https://doi.org/10.17762/ITII.V9I1.232
  69. Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., & Rogalska, E. (2020). The relationship between personality, organizational and interpersonal counterproductive work challenges in industry 4.0. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 25(4), 577-592. https://doi.org/10.46544/AMS.v25i4.11
  70. Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., Rogalska, E. N., & MacGregor Pelikánová, R. (2022b). Personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: the moderating role of demographic characteristics. Economics and Sociology, 15(4), 231-263. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2022/15-4/12
  71. Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A. P., & Rogalska, E. (2022a). The impact of personality traits on subjective categories of counterproductive work behaviors in Central European environment. Transformations in Business & Economics, 21(2), 163-180
  72. Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A.P., & Rogalska, E. (2023). Impact of employees’ counterproductivity on interpersonal relationships in the context of company competitive potential: Application of SEM methodology for Poland. Journal of Competitiveness, 15(3), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2023.03.02
  73. Szostek, D., Balcerzak, A.P., & Rogalska, E. (2025). Exploring the role of work meaningfulness and affective commitment in mitigating counterproductive work behaviors. Economics and Sociology, 18(4), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2025/18- 4/3
  74. Teng, Y.-M., & Wu, K.-S. (2025). Integrating green transformational leadership, green HRM, and green innovation to enhance sustainable performance in hotels: Insights from PLS-SEM, NCA, and cIPMA. Oeconomia Copernicana, 16(4), 1565-1614. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.3797
  75. Thanh, N. H., & Quang, N. V. (2022). Transformational, transactional, laissez-faire leadership styles and employee engagement: Evidence from Vietnam’s public sector. Sage Open, 12(2), 21582440221094606.
  76. Tkalac Verčič, A., Verčič, D., Čož, S., & Špoljarić, A. (2024). A systematic review of digital internal communication. Public Relations Review, 50(1), 102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102400
  77. Todorović, D., Mitić, P. M., Stojiljković, N., Olanescu, M., Suciu, A., & Popa, D. (2024). Organizational commitment in the private and public sectors: a regression analysis based on personality traits, subjective well-being, organizational orientations, and perceived employment uncertainty in Serbia. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1442990
  78. Wach, K., Maciejewski, M., & Głodowska, A. (2023). Inside entrepreneurial orientation: Do risk-taking and innovativeness influence proactiveness?. Economics and Sociology, 16(1), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2023/16-1/11
  79. Wang, Y., Toseef, M., & Gong, Y. (2021). IT Process Alignment in Business Strategy: Examining the Role of Transactional Leadership and Organization Culture. Information, 12(6), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060237
  80. Waqas, U., Umair, S., Mrugalska, B., & Ali Sulaiman, M. A. B. (2025). Twin transformation: The role of digitalization with artificial intelligence, big data and circular supply chain in circular economy performance for sustainability. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 20(2), 613-645. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3350
  81. Waseel, A. H., Zhang, J., Shehzad, M. U., Saddiqa, A., Liu, J., & Hussain, S. (2025). Does empowering leadership help firms to establish collaborative culture and organizational commitment to stimulate frugal innovation?. Kybernetes, 54(2), 1289-1318.
  82. Wei, L., & Vasudevan, H.L. (2022). Leadership style and company performance in the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 7(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22034/IJHCUM.2022.03.0*
  83. Wojciechowska-Dzięcielak, P., & Szumowski, W. (2021). Transactional and transformational leadership in the context of perceived organizational justice and its dimensions. Identification of the interdependencies. E-Mentor, 90(3), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.15219/em90.1521
  84. Wojtczuk-Turek, A. (2024). How HRM practices influence the organizational commitment of knowledge workers: the role of job crafting. Central European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/CEMJ-05-2024-0153
  85. Yahaya, R., & Ebrahim, F. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review. Journal of Management Development, 35(2), 190-216.
  86. Yang, Y., & Mostafa, A. M. S. (2024). High-performance human resource practices, organizational identification and employee commitment: the moderating role of organizational culture. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494186
  87. Yapa, A., Yapa, Ch., & Katagodage, L. (2024, May 31). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: A Case Study from a Reputed Automobile Company in Sri Lanka. Conference: 8th CIPM International Research Symposium – Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka. Asia.
  88. Yasir, M., & Javed, A. (2024). Ethical leadership, employees’ job satisfaction and job stress in the restaurant industry. Foresight, 26(5), 886-901. https://doi.org/10.1108/fs-03-2023-0038
  89. Yu, G. (2025). Digital transformation, human capital upgrading, and enterprise ESG performance: Evidence from Chinese listed enterprises. Oeconomia Copernicana, 15(4), 1465-1508. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.3058
  90. Yu, G., & Qi, Y. (2025). Does AI application make enterprises productivity higher? From the perspective of employee human capital upgrading. Oeconomia Copernicana, 16(4), 1395-1446. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.3905

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Most read articles by the same author(s)